a test designed to predict a person's future performance; aptitude is the capacity to learn, most widely used intelligence test; verbal and performance subtests, defining meaningful scores by comparison with the performance of a pretested standardization group, a symmetrical curve representing the normal distribution, the extent to which a test yields consistent results, the extent to which a test measures or predicts what it is supposed to, the extent to which a test samples the behavior that is of interest (such as a driving test that samples driving tasks), The success with which a test predicts the behavior it is designed to predict; it is assessed by computing the correlation between test scores and the criterion behavior, (formerly referred to as mental retardation) a condition of limited mental ability, indicated by an intelligence score of 70 or below and difficulty in adapting to the demands of life; varies from mild to profound, a congenital disorder caused by having an extra 21st chromosome. DSM-5: the American Psychiatric Association's Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of ⦠Clemson University. For example, if an image has no real depth on a flat page you perceive it as three dimensional because of the shadowing and highlighting, Objects farther away appear to move across the field of vision more slowly than do closer objects, a dog running through a distant field appears to move slowly, but it moves more quickly when the dog runs right in front of us, Water vapor and pollution in the air scatter light waves, giving distant objects a bluish, hazy appearance compared with nearby objects, THe shape of the lens of the eye must change to crocus the visual image on the retina from stimuli that are different distances from the eye; Kinesthetic receptors in the ciliary muscle, therefore, provide a source of info about the distance of different objects, when objects are on the ground the farther they appear to be below the horizon the closer they appear to be to us. Find Test Answers Search for test and quiz questions and answers. Course. the eye contains 3 receptors that are sensitive to red, blue, and green. Meyer. the ability to perceive, express, understand, and regulate emotions. The disparity or difference, between the images on the two retinas is a key factor in depth perception. Behaviorist analyzes how organisms learn or modify their behavior based on their response to events in the environment a statistical procedure that identifies clusters of related items (called factors) on a test; used to identify different dimensions of performance that underlie one's total score. Some of the basic questions asked by psychologists, both historically and currently, include those about the relative roles of nature versus nurture in behaviour, free will versus determinism, accuracy versus inaccuracy, and conscious versus unconscious processing. the chamber between the eardrum and cochlea containing three tiny bones (hammer, anvil, and stirrup) that concentrate the vibrations of the eardrum on the cochlea's oval window. by comparing images from the two retina in the 2 eyes, the brain computes distance - the greater disparity= closer the object. when we perceive a visual stimulus part of what we see is the center of our attention, the figure, an the rest is the indistinct ground (vase can either be a vase or two faces), We tend to perceive lines or patterns that follow a smooth contour as being part of a single unit (/ line of travel versus X), things that are proximal (close together) are usually perceived as belonging together (rows of boxes vs columns), We perceive similar things as being related (we perceive two vertical columns of apples and two vertical columns of pears, even though they are evenly spaced), Incomplete figures of familiar things tend to be perceived as complete wholes; missing sensory info is automatically "filled in" in the process of perception to create complete and whole perceptions, a piece of white paper does not change in perceived brightness when it moves from a dimly lit room to a brightly lit room even though the intensity of the light reaching the eye changes considerably; our perception corresponds to the unchanging physical properties of the paper rather than to the changing sensory info about its brightness, colors do not appear to change much in spite of different conditions of light and surroundings that change incoming visual information, a dollar bil seen from distances of one foot and ten feet casts different sized images on the retina but we do not perceive it as changing in size. 10/31/2015 Intro to Psychology: Exam 1 flashcards | Quizlet 6/35 Psychologists who view the developmental process as a sequence of distinct stages generally believe that _____ is(are) the same for everyone. Change in an individual's thought, intelligence, and language. This exam covers material from Introduction through Learning. The proportion of variation among individuals that we can attribute to genes. The exam should be completed in 90 minutes. spinal cord has a neurological "gate" that blocks pain signals or allows them to pass. nerve cells in the brain that respond to specific feature of the stimulus such as shape, angle, or movement. Learning by observing others., learning new behaviors or information by watching others. Intro to Psychology - Final Exam Flashcards | Quizlet Introduction to Psychology Final Exam The science of psychology. the view that psychology (1) should be an objective science that (2) studies behavior without reference to mental processes. On contemporary intelligence tests, the average performance for a given age is assigned a score of 100. a test designed to assess what a person has learned. the ability to produce novel and valuable ideas. opposing retinal processes enable color vision; red-green; yellow-blue; white-black, the number of complete wavelengths that pass a point in a given time. University. a tone's experienced highness or lowness. Introduction To Psychology Final Exam Start studying Intro to Psychology - Final Exam. Start studying Intro to Psychology Final Exam Study Guide. Introduction to Psychology Writing Assignments One of the requirements of this course is to complete three writing assignments. The Introduction to Educational Psychology exam covers material that is usually taught in a one-semester undergraduate course in this subject. guided by higher-level mental processses on our experiences and expectations. conversion of one form of energy into another. judging the likelihood of things in terms of how well they seem to represent, or match, particular prototypes; may lead one to ignore other relevant information. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall. This is yet another of the exams that I suggest seeing the Introduction to Educational Psychology CLEP Exam-Specific thread at InstantCert for a complete listing of all exam topics. Predicts when we will detect weak signals. Dark = makes things appear father away. Instead, he was a behaviorist who focused more so the actions of humans to. Instructor’s resource manual for Psychology by S.K. Sample exams will be provided on the course website. In reality, both lines are exactly the same length, conscious dreamlike states of wishful fantasizing, the various classes of drugs including stimulants, depressants, and hallucinogens that alter conscious experience, relaxed state of dreamlike awareness between wakefulness and sleep, an abrupt movement that sometimes occurs during the hypnagogic state in which the sleeper often experiences a sense of falling, Rapid-eye movement sleep, characterized by movement of the eyes under the lids; often accompanies dreams, autonomic nervous system goes into hyperdrive; blood flow to the brian increases; heartbeat becomes irregular; the muscles of the face and fingers twitch; breathing becomes irregular, Internally generated cycles lasting about 24 hours a day that regulate sleepiness and wakefulness, body temperature, and the secretion of some hormones; body temp falls just as your are beginning to feel sleepy and continues to fall until the middle of the sleep period, deprivation of the deepest part of non-REM sleep has much the same effect as loss of REM sleep; restorative role, If sleep was limited; the next day they were irritable, fatigued, inattentive, and inefficient; protective role (autonomic storm), REM sleep influences the rate of neurogenesis by activating the expression of genes that control changes in the connections between neurons that are involved in memory, short, faint impressions that contain no emotions and are rarely remembered;resembles the ordinary process of thinking"; where night terrors, sleep walking and talking occur, dream content that is sim liar to events in the person's waking life, a stimulus such as a cold back influences your dreams to think you're somewhere like the arctic, according to Freud, the literal meaning of dreams, according to Freud, the true meaning of dreams that is found in the symbols in their manifest content, classical conditioning, Operant conditioning, Modeling/Learning from others, stimulus that can elicit a response without any learning, Unlearned, inborn reaction to an unconditioned stimulus, stimulus that comes to elicit responses as a result of being paired with an unconditioned stimulus, Response that is similar or identical to the unconditioned response that comes to be elicited by a conditioned stimulus, form of learning in which a previously neutral stimulus (CS) is paired with an unconditioned stimulus (UCS) to elicit a conditioned response (CR) that is identical to or very similar to the unconditioned response, learning in which the consequences of behavior lead to changes in the probability of its occurrence, any consequence of behavior that leads to an increase in the probability of its occurrence, the passage of time between the response and the positive reinforcement that leads to reduced efficiency of operant conditioning, innate positive reinforcers that do not have to be acquired through learning, reinforcement that occurs when (1) a behavior is followed by the removal or the avoidance of a negative event and (2) the probability that the behavior will occur i the future increases as a result, a negative consequence of a behavior, which leads to a decrease in the frequency of the behavior that produces it, Fixed ratio schedule (positive reinforcement), reinforcement schedule in which the reinforcer is given only after a specified number of responses, Variable Ratio Schedule (positive reinforcement), reinforcement schedule in which the reinforcer is given after a varying number of responses have been made, Variable Interval (positive reinforcement), reinforcement schedule in which the reinforcer is given following the first response occurring after a variable amount of time; produces high rates of steady response not good for initial learning, Fixed Interval Schedule (positive reinforcement), reinforcement schedule in which the reinforcer is given following the first response occurring after a predetermined period of time, tendency for responses to occur more often in the presence of one stimulus than others, tendency for similar stimuli to elicit the same response, process of unlearning a learned response because of the removal of the original source of learning, temporary increase in the strength of a conditioned response, which is likely to occur during extinction after the passage of time, form of cognitive change that involves recognition of previously unseen relationships, improvement in the rate of learning to solve new problems through practice solving similar problems, observed reinforcement of the behavior of a model, which also increases the probability of the same behavior in the observer, observed punishment of the behavior of a model which also decreases the probability of the same behavior in the observer, negative reaction to a particular taste that has been associated with nausea or other illness, learning based on observation of the behavior of another, the second stage of memory in which five to nine bits of info can be stored for brief periods of time, storehouse for info that must be kept for long periods of time; the third stage of memory involving the storage of info that is kept for long periods of time, strategy of positively reinforcing behaviors that are successively more similar to desired behaviors, the first stage of memory in which an exact image of each sensory experience is held briefly until it can be processed, mental repetition of info to retain it longer in short term memory, regrouping more than the short term memory capacity into units of memory, storage capacity of STM seven plus or minus 2, memory for meaning without reference to the time and place of learning, memory for specific experiences that can be defined in terms of time and space, memories are associated or linked together through experience, the finding that immediate recall of items listed in a fixed order is often better for items at the beginning and end of the list than for those in the middle, an alternative to the stage theory of memory stating that the distinction between short term and long term memory is a matter of degree rather than different kinds of memory and is based on how incoming info is processed, processed at a deeper level and will be kept much longer, processed at a shallow level and will be kept only briefly, the process of creating associations between a new memory and existing memories, the theory that forgetting occurs as the memory trace fades over time, the theory that forgetting occurs because similar memories interfere with the storage or retrieval of info, Old interferes with new; interference created by memories from prior learning, New interferes with old; interference created by memories from later learning, the theory that info stored in LTM sometimes changes over time to become more consistent with our beliefs, knowledge, and expectations, forgetting that is believed to be based on the upsetting or threatening nature of the info that is forgotten, remembering an even that did not occur or that occurred i a way that was substantially different from the memory of the event, a memory disorder characterized by an inability to retrieve old long-term memories generally for a specific period of time extending bak from the beginning of the disorder, disorder of memory characterized by an inability to store and/or retrieve new info in long term memory, a disorder involving both anterograde and retrograde amnesia cause by excessive use of alcohol, when they cannot remember something that is needed to complete a statement they make it up, can be engaged in a conversation but be aware of conversations in corner of room. 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